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"Confederation Poets" is the name given to a group of Canadian poets born in the decade of Canada's Confederation (the 1860s) who rose to prominence in Canada in the late 1880s and 1890s. The term was coined by Canadian professor and literary critic Malcolm Ross, who applied it to four poets – Charles G.D. Roberts (1860–1943), Bliss Carman (1861–1929), Archibald Lampman (1861–1899), and Duncan Campbell Scott (1862–1947) – in the Introduction to his 1960 anthology, ''Poets of the Confederation'', which began: "It is fair enough, I think, to call Roberts, Carman, Lampman, and Scott our 'Confederation poets.'"〔Malcolm Ross, Introduction, ''Poets of the Confederation'' (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1960), vii-xii.〕 The term has also been used since to include William Wilfred Campbell (?1860-1918) and Frederick George Scott (1861–1944),〔"(Confederation Poets )," Canadian Poetry, UWO.ca. Web, Mar. 21, 2011.〕 sometimes Francis Joseph Sherman (1871–1926),〔Tony Tremblay, "(John Medley )," New Brunswick Literary Encyclopedia, STU, Web, Apr. 17 2011.〕 sometimes Pauline Johnson (1861–1913) and George Frederick Cameron (1854–1885),〔"(Secondary Confederation Poets )," PoetsPathway.ca, Web, Apr. 17, 2011.〕 and Isabella Valancy Crawford (1850–1887) as well.〔Francis Zichy, "(Confederation Poets )," Encyclopedia of Literature, JRank.org. Web, Mar. 20, 2011.〕 ==History== The Confederation Poets were the first Canadian writers to become widely known after Confederation in 1867.〔Article, "Confederation Poets: Canada, 1880s-1920s", in Henderson, Helene, and Jay P. Pederson, editors, ''Twentieth-Century Literary Movements Dictionary'' (Detroit: Omnigraphics Inc., 2000), 84-85.〕 Charles G. D. Roberts (recognized in his lifetime as "the father of Canadian poetry") led the group,〔 which had two main branches: One, in Ottawa, consisted of the poets Archibald Lampman, Duncan Campbell Scott, and William Wilfred Campbell. The other were Maritime poets, including Roberts and his cousin, Bliss Carman. The four major poets in the group were Roberts, Carman, Lampman and Scott, with Lampman "most often regarded as the finest poet" in the group, according to the ''Twentieth-Century Literary Movements Dictionary''.〔 The group, which thrived from the 1890s to the 1920s, generally paid attention to classical forms and subjects, but also realistic description, some exploration of innovative technique and, in subject matter, an examination of the individual's relationships both to the natural world and modern civilization.〔 None of the above poets ever used the term "Confederation Poets", or any other term, for themselves as a distinct group. Nothing indicates that any of them considered themselves a group. In fact, they "were in no way a cohesive group."〔W.J. Keith, "(Poetry in English 1867-1918 )," ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1988), 1696.〕 As a group, the "Confederation Poets" were formed by a retroactive process of canonization: "Malcolm Ross's retrospective application of the term ‘Confederation poets’ is a good example of canon-making along national lines.〔 Despite the fact there never was such a group historically, there may be good reasons to treat the Confederation Poets as a distinct group in hindsight. First of all, "Roberts, Lampman, Carman, and Scott were among the first really good poets writing in the recently formed Dominion of Canada".〔 For that matter, they were writing the first really good poetry ever written in the geographic area of the new country. As "Confederation Poet" Archibald Lampman said about encountering "Confederation Poet" Charles G.D. Roberts's work:
In addition: "There are several good reasons, both biographical and literary, for grouping them together. All were close contemporaries born in the early 1860s. Roberts and Carman were cousins; Roberts briefly edited Goldwin Smith's Toronto literary magazine ''The Week'', in which Carman published his first poem."〔 Lampman also published in the ''Week'', and he and Roberts became friends by mail. In the early 1890s, when Carman worked on the editorial staffs of ''The Independent'' and ''The Chapbook'', and other American magazines, he published poems by the other three. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Confederation Poets」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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